Монголын Ардын Арми: Засвар хоорондын ялгаа
Хуудас үүсгэв: " '''Монголын Ардын арми''' - 1921-1990 онуудад БНМАУ-ын Зэвсэгт хүчнийг нэрлэж байсан албан ёсны н..." |
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'''Монголын Ардын арми''' - 1921-1990 онуудад БНМАУ-ын Зэвсэгт хүчнийг нэрлэж байсан албан ёсны нэр юм. |
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|unit_name= Монголын Ардын арми |
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|image=[[File:Mongolian AF.gif|200px]] |
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|caption=Монголын ардын армийн туг |
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|dates=1921 - 1992 он |
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|country={{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[БНМАУ]] |
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|allegiance= |
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|branch=[[арми]] |
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|type=[[Морин цэрэг]], [[Явган цэрэг]], [[Агаарын хүч]], [[Артиллери]], [[хуягт танкийн цэрэг]], [[Инженерийн цэрэг]] |
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|role=Батлан хамгаалах |
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|size= |
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|garrison=[[Улаанбаатар]], [[Ховд]], [[Чойбалсан]], [[Монгол]] |
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|nickname={{Монголын Ардын арми|Монгол Ардын хувьсгалт Цэрэг}} |
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|battles=[[Ардын хувьсгал]] |
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* [[Хиагтыг чөлөөлөх байлдаан]] |
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[[БНМАУ-ын дотоодын зэвсэгт мөргөлдөөнүүд]] |
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* [[Баруун дөрвөн аймагт 1932 гарсан зэвсэгт бослого]] |
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[[БНМАУ-Японы хилийн дайнууд]] |
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* [[Халхын сүмийн мөргөлдөөн]] |
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* [[Адаг дулааны мөргөлдөөн]] |
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* [[Булан дэрсний хилийн тулгаралт]] |
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[[Зөвлөлт-Японы хилийн дайнууд]] |
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* [[Халхын голын байлдаан]] |
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[[Дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайн]] |
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* [[Манжуурт хийсэн Зөвлөлтийн цэргийн ажиллагаа]] |
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Дайны дараа |
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*[[Байтаг Богдын хилийн тулгаралт]] |
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|disbanded= |
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''Монголын Ардын Арми'' буюу ''Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Цэрэг'' нь 1921 оны 3 сарын 18 -наас 1990 онуудад БНМАУ-ын Зэвсэгт хүчнийг нэрлэж байсан албан ёсны нэр юм. |
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[[File:Sukhe-bator.jpg|thumb|200px|Сүхбаатар 1920-1922 он]] |
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==Үүсэн байгуулсан нь== |
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One of the first actions of the new [[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]] authorities was the creation of a native [[communist]] army in 1920 under the leadership of adept cavalry commander [[Damdin Sükhbaatar]] in order to fight against [[Russia]]n troops from the [[White movement]] and [[Occupation of Mongolia|Chinese forces]]. The MPRP was aided by the [[Russian SFSR]] [[Red Army]], which helped to secure the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] and remained in its territory until at least 1925. |
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==1930s conflicts== |
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Initially during the native revolts of the early 1930s and the [[Japanese Empire|Japanese]] border probes beginning in the mid-1930s, Soviet Red Army troops in Mongolia amounted to little more than instructors for the native army and as guards for diplomatic and trading installations. |
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However in the 1939 [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol]] (or Nomonhan) heavily armed [[Red Army]] forces under [[Georgy Zhukov]] assisted by Mongolian troops under [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]] decisively defeated [[Imperial Japanese Army]] forces under [[Michitarō Komatsubara]]. |
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[[File:Khalkhin Gol George Zhukov and Khorloogiin Choibalsan 1939.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Georgy Zhukov]] and [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]] (right) consult during the [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]]]] |
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==Cold war era== |
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{{Main|Sino-Soviet split}} |
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During the [[Pei-ta-shan Incident]], elite [[Qinghai]] Chinese Muslim cavalry were sent by the Chinese [[Kuomintang]] to destroy the Mongols and the Russians in 1947.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=warlords+and+muslims&source=bl&ots=KzhMe1dpqU&sig=YUq2zwbyUFNCsO5Jnt2RTAKL0rc&hl=en&ei=SdobTNyIEYO8lQfuvYm1Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=elite%20tungan%20cavalry%20incident&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=214|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> |
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The [[military of Mongolia]]n's purpose was national defense, protection of local [[communist]] establishments, and collaboration with [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] forces in future military actions against exterior enemies, up until the [[1990 Democratic Revolution in Mongolia]]. |
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[[File:50 years of the Mongolian People's Army.jpg|right|thumb|200px|50 years of the Mongolian People's Army]] |
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==Political indoctrination== |
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The central Political Administration Unit was established in the army in 1921 to supervise the work of political commissars ([[Politruk]]) and party cells in all army units and to provide a political link with the Central Committee of the [[Mongolian People's Party|MPRP]] in the army. The unit served to raise morale and to prevent enemy political propaganda. Up to one third of army units were members of the party and others were in the [[Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League]]. |
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The Red Mongol Army received sixty percent of the government budget in early years and it to expanded from 2,560 men in 1923 to 4,000 in 1924 and to 7,000 in 1927. The native armed forces stayed linked to [[Soviet Red Army]] intelligence groups and [[NKVD]], Mongolian [[secret police]], and [[Buryats|Buryat]] Mongol [[Comintern]] agents acted as administrators and represented the real power in the country albeit under direct Soviet guidance. |
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==Training== |
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By 1926 the government planned to train 10,000 conscripts annually and to increase the training period to six months. Chinese intelligence reports in 1927 indicated that between 40,000 and 50,000 reservists could be mustered at short notice. In 1929 a general mobilization was called to test the training and reserve system. The expected turnout was to have been 30,000 troops but only 2,000 men presented. This failure initiated serious reforms in recruiting and training systems. |
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==Strength== |
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In 1921-1927 the land forces, almost exclusively [[Cavalry|horsemen]], numbered about 17,000 mounted troops and boasted more than 200 heavy [[machine gun]]s, 50 mountain [[howitzer]]s, 30 [[field gun]]s, seven [[Armored car (military)|armored car]]s, and a maximum of up to 20 light [[tank]]s. |
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== Basic units and motorization == |
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The basic unit was the 2,000-man cavalry [[regiment]] consisting of three |
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[[Squadron (army)|squadron]]s. Each 600-plus-man squadron was divided into five companies, |
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a machine gun company, and an [[Civil engineering|engineer]] unit. Cavalry regiments were organized into larger units--[[brigades]] or [[division (military)|division]]s—which included [[artillery]] and service support units. The chief advantage of this force was mobility over the great distances in Mongolia: small units were able to cover more than 160 km in 24 hours. |
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[[File:Battle of Khalkhin Gol-Mongolian cavalry.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Mongolian cavalry in the Khalkhin Gol (1939)]] |
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List of Mongolian Army division and other units |
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* 1st Cavalry Division |
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* 2nd Cavalry Division |
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* 3rd Cavalry Division |
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* 4th Cavalry Division |
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* 5th Cavalry Division |
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* 6th Cavalry Division |
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* 7th Cavalry Division |
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* 8th Cavalry Division |
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* 9th Cavalry Division |
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* 10th Cavalry Division |
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* 7th [[Mechanized infantry|Motorized Armored Brigade]] |
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* 3rd Separate Tank Regiment |
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* 3rd Artillery Regiment |
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* Aviation Mixed Division |
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* Chemical defence-engineering regiment |
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==Army rank and insignia== |
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*Enlisted |
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Private (PVT) |
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Private first class (PFC) |
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Corporal (CPL) |
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Sergeant (SGT) |
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Staff Sergeant (SSG) |
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Sergeant first class (SFC) |
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Master Sergeant (MSG) |
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First Sergeant (1SG) |
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Sergeant Major (SM) |
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Command Sergeant Major (CSM) |
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Sergeant Major of the army (SMA) |
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*Officer |
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2nd Lieutenant (2LT) |
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1st Lieutenant (1LT) |
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Captain (CPT) |
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Major (MAJ) |
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Lieutenant Colonel (LTC) |
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Colonel (COL) |
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Major General (MAJ GEN) |
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Lieutenant General (LT GEN) |
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General (GEN) |
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Marshal of Mongolia (MAR) |
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===Uniform=== |
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Because it was established on a Soviet military system, the Mongolian People's Army used similar uniforms with the [[Red Army]], only with Mongolian distinctions. Until 1924, People's Army personnel wore traditional [[deel (clothing)|deel]], which had their respective shoulder insignias. In the mid-1930s, the army adopted Soviet [[Gymnasterka]] and developed its true rank and distinction system. All personnel were distinct by their sleeve and collar insignias from the general population when the gymnastyorka was rather popular. After the [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]], slight modifications were made. In 1944 all uniforms and insignia were significantly changed to include shoulder insignia and camouflage cloaks, similar to Soviet uniform modifications. |
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From the 1960s, the equipment and uniforms of the Mongolian People's Army were included a program to modernize the military. As before, the Mongolian People's Army (a [[Warsaw pact]] ally) was similar to the Soviet Red Army in appearance and structure. |
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[[File:Monumento ruso en Ulan Bator, Mongolia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Soviet-Russian and Mongolian tiled mural at the World War II en:Zaisan Memorial, Ulan-Bator, from the People's Republic of Mongolia era.]] |
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[[File:A Mongolian soldier performs during the opening ceremony for exercise Khaan Quest 2013 at the Five Hills Training Area in Mongolia Aug. 3, 2013 130803-M-MG222-004.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A Horsemen with by Soviet similar uniform performs during the opening ceremony for exercise Khaan Quest 2013 at the Five Hills Training Area in Mongolia Aug. 3, 2013]] |
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==Military actions== |
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{{Main|Participants in World War II#Mongolia}} |
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Units of Mongolian People's Army supported and [[allied]] with a Soviet Red Army in the [[Battle of Khalkhyn Gol]] in 1939 and on the western flank of the [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]] in 1945. Domestically, it took part in the suppression of the [[1932 armed uprising]]. Also involved to many border conflict against [[Manchukuo Imperial Army|Manchukuo]] with a [[Kwantung Army]] (one of large part of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]) and Chinese [[National Revolutionary Army]].[[Imperial Japanese Army]] recorded 152 minor incidents on the border of Manchuria between 1932 and 1934. The number of incidents increased to over 150 per year in 1935 and 1936, and the scale of incidents became larger. |
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In January 1935, the first armed battle, {{Nihongo|[[Halhamiao incident]]|哈爾哈廟事件|Haruhabyō jiken}} occurred on border between [[Mongolia]] and Manchukuo.<ref>Charles Otterstedt, [http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=445559 ''Kwantung Army and the Nomonhan Incident: Its Impact on National security'']</ref> Scores of Mongolia cavalry units engaged with [[Manchukuo Imperial Army|Manchuko army]] patrol unit near the [[Buddhist temple]] Halhamiao. Manchuko Army incurred slight casualties, including a Japanese [[military advisor]]. |
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Between December 1935 and March 1936, the {{Nihongo|[[Orahodoga incident]]|オラホドガ事件|Orahodoga jiken}}([[:ja:オラホドガ事件|ja]]) and the {{Nihongo|[[Tauran incident]]|タウラン事件|Tauran jiken}} ([[:ja:タウラン事件|ja]]) occurred. In these battles, both Japanese Army and Mongolian Army used a small number of [[armoured fighting vehicle]]s and [[military aircraft]]. |
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[[File:choibalsan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Khorloogiin Choibalsan marshal High supreme commander of MPA. Between 1938 and 1952]] |
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[[File:Khalkhin Gol George Zhukov and Khorloogiin Choibalsan 1939.jpg|thumb|200px|Khalkhin Gol George Zhukov and Khorloogiin Choibalsan 1939]] |
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==Stalinist repressions against Mongolian People's Army== |
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{{Main|Stalinist repressions in Mongolia}} |
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[[File:MNRA soldiers 1939.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Mongolian troops fight against it took part Japanese counterattack on the western beach of river the Khalkhin Gol, 1939]] |
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==Light equipment== |
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[[Mosin-Nagant]], |
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[[PPSh-41]], |
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[[PPSh-43]], |
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[[Russian M1910 Maxim]], |
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[[SG-43 Goryunov]], |
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[[DShK]] |
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[[Degtyaryov machine gun]] |
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==Artillery and mortars== |
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[[37 mm anti-tank gun M1930 (1-K)]] |
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[[76 mm regimental gun M1927]] |
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[[45 mm anti-tank gun M1937 (53-K)]] |
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[[76 mm regimental gun M1943]] |
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==Multiple Rocket Launchers== |
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[[BM-13]] - 150 |
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==Anti-aircraft Weapon== |
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Although little attention was paid to anti-aircraft weaponry in the Mongolian People's Army, a few dozen units of Soviet origin were known to be distributed to light armored outfits. |
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==Vehicles== |
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*[[GAZ-61]] |
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*[[GAZ-64]] |
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*[[GAZ-67]] |
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*[[ZiS-5 (truck)|ZIS-5]] |
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*[[GAZ–MM]] |
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*[[ZiS-42]] |
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*[[Studebaker US6]] |
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*[[Dodge WC-51]] |
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==Armored corps== |
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Under Soviet support campaign for mechanization, the army formed its first mechanized unit in 1922. Also it was by structure in the ground force half-[[mechanization]] cavalry in the other units distributed to light armored vehicles until 1943. It began to process to motorised since 1943. |
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This is a list of Mongolian People's Army tanks and armour during the 1922s-World War II period. |
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===Armoured cars=== |
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*Russian [[Austin Armoured Car|Austin Putilov]] (two examples) |
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*Soviet [[FAI armoured car|FAI]] |
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*Soviet [[BA-6]] |
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*Soviet [[BA-10]] |
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*Soviet [[BA-64]] |
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===Light Tanks=== |
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*Soviet [[T-27]]- 10 |
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*Soviet [[BT-5]] - ? (Unknown number) |
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*Soviet [[BT-7]] - 27 |
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===Medium Tanks=== |
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*Soviet [[T-34]]- (Unknown number) |
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*Soviet [[T-34/85]]- 33 |
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[[File:A monument featuring a T-34-85 tank in Ulan Bator.jpg|thumb|200px|A World War II memorial in Ulan Bator, featuring a T-34-85 tank.]] |
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===Sps Tank destroyers=== |
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*Soviet [[SU-100]] |
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==Mongolian People's Army Aviation in 1925–1945== |
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{{Main|Mongolian Arat Air Squadron}} |
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The Mongolian People's Army Aviation drastically improved with Soviet training and vastly ameliorated within a time span of several years. In May 1925, a [[Junkers F.13]] entered service as the first aircraft in Mongolian civil and military-related aviation. In March 1931, the [[Soviet Union]] donated three [[Polikarpov R-1]]s to the Mongolian People's Army, with Mongolia further purchasing three R-1s.<ref name="Walg1 p18-9">Walg ''Air Enthusiast'' November/December 1996, pp. 18–19.</ref> In 1932, an [[1932 armed uprising in Mongolia|uprising broke out]] against [[Collectivization]], which saw both Soviet and Mongolian-operated R-1s taking part in actions against the rebellion. The aircraft carried out reconnaissance, [[Airborne leaflet propaganda|leaflet dropping]], and bombing missions<ref name="Walg1 p19-0">Walg ''Air Enthusiast'' November/December 1996, pp. 19–20.</ref> Chinese intelligence reports that in 1945 the Mongolian People's Air Force had been with a three-fighter and three-bomber aviation-[[regiment]], and one flight training school and greater air [[Squadron (aviation)|squadrons]]. It was reported that headquartered in the [[Kempeitai|Mukden Manchukuo spy-section]] in October 1944 air force whole units had been 180 aircraft and 1231 flight and technical personnel. The Mongolian People's Army Aviation demonstrated its full potential during the [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]], which was its largest engagement. Apart from intercepting intruding aircraft, People's Aviation was used heavily to repress domestic rebel movements. |
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The [[Mongolian Air Force|Mongolian People's Air Force]] has operated a variety of aircraft types. |
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===Trainer=== |
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* [[Avro 504|Po-1]] |
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* [[Po-2]] |
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* [[Yakovlev UT-2]] |
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* [[Yak-11]] |
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===Bomber and ground-attack aircraft=== |
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* [[Polikarpov R-1]]-Unknown number |
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* [[Polikarpov R-5]]-40 |
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* [[Ilyushin Il-2]]-70 |
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===Fighter aircraft=== |
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* [[Polikarpov I-15]]- 50 |
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* [[Polikarpov I-15]]bis- Unknown number |
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* [[Polikarpov I-16]]- 1 |
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* [[Yak-7]]- Unknown number |
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* [[Yak-9]]- 34 |
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===Transport aircraft=== |
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* [[Lisunov Li-2]] |
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* [[Putilov Stal-3|Gan-3 (Stal-3. this airplanes frame is made with stainless steel. Stal' means steel in Russian but Gan is a Mongolian word)]] |
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* [[Kalinin K-5]] |
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* [[Yakovlev Yak-6]] |
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* [[Junkers F-13]] |
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* [[Junkers W 33]] |
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* [[Nakajima Ki-34]]-12 |
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* [[Yakovlev AIR-6]] |
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==Mongolian People's Army capability ( 1950-1990 )== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! style="text-align: left;"|Equipment |
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! style="text-align: left;"|Origin |
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! style="text-align: left;"|Versions |
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! style="text-align: left;"|Number |
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! style="text-align: left;"|Notes |
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|- |
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! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Main Battle Tank]]/[[Medium Tank]]''' |
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|- |
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| [[SU-100]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| Self-propelled gun |
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| 10<ref name="sipri1"/> |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[T-34|T-34/85]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| Medium Tank |
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| 40<ref name="sipri1"/> |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[T-54]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| Medium Tank |
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| 250<ref name="sipri1"/> |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[T-55]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| Medium Tank |
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| 250<ref name=sipri1>[http://www.armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.phpThe SIPRI]</ref> |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[T-62]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| Main Battle Tank |
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| 100<ref name="sipri1"/> |
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| |
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|- |
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! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Infantry Fighting Vehicle]]/[[Armored Personnel Carrier]]''' |
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|- |
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| [[BMP-1]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| Infantry Fighting Vehicle |
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| 400<ref name="sipri1"/> |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[BTR-40]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| Wheeled armoured personnel carrier |
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| 200<ref name="sipri1"/> |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[BTR-60]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| Wheeled armoured personnel carrier |
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| 50<ref name="sipri1"/> |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[BTR-152]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| Wheeled armoured personnel carrier |
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| 50<ref name="sipri1"/> |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[BRDM-1]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| Armored Personnel Carrier |
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| 150<ref name="sipri1"/> |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[BRDM-2]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| Armored Personnel Carrier |
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| 120<ref name="sipri1"/> |
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| |
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|- |
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! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Multiple rocket launcher]]''' |
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|- |
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| [[BM-21]] Grad |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| 122 mm Multiple rocket launcher |
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| 130<ref name="sipri1"/> |
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| |
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|- |
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! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Towed artillery]]''' |
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|- |
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| [[85 mm divisional gun D-44]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| 85 mm divisional gun |
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| unknown number |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| 122 mm towed gun |
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| 20<ref name="sipri1"/> |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| 122 mm howitzer |
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| 50<ref name="sipri1"/> |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| 130 mm towed field gun |
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| unknown number |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| 152 mm howitzer gun |
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| unknown number |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)]] |
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| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
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| 122 mm howitzer |
|||
| 100<ref name="sipri1"/> |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)]] |
|||
| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
|||
| 152 mm field gun |
|||
| 50<ref name="sipri1"/> |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]]''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[82-BM-37|BM-37]] |
|||
| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
|||
| 82 mm calibre mortar |
|||
| unknown number |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[120-PM-43 mortar|PM-43]] |
|||
| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
|||
| 120 mm calibre smoothbore mortar |
|||
| unknown number |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[:ru:М-160|M-160]] |
|||
| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
|||
| 160 mm Divisional mortar |
|||
| unknown number |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Anti-tank gun]]''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[SPG-9]] |
|||
| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
|||
| 73 mm anti-tank gun |
|||
| unknown number |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[85 mm antitank gun D-48]] |
|||
| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
|||
| 85 mm anti-tank gun |
|||
| unknown number |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)]] |
|||
| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
|||
| 100 mm field gun |
|||
| 25<ref name="sipri1"/> |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[T-12 antitank gun]] |
|||
| {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}} |
|||
| 100 mm anti-tank gun |
|||
| 25<ref name="sipri1"/> |
|||
| |
|||
|} |
|||
== Mongolian People's Army Air Force ( 1950-1990 ) == |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc;"|Name |
|||
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc;"|Origin |
|||
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc;"|Type |
|||
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc;"|Versions |
|||
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc;"|In service |
|||
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc;"|Notes |
|||
|- |
|||
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Fighter aircraft]]''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Polikarpov I-15]] || {{USSR}} || Fighter || I-15 || 1+<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Polikarpov I-16]] || {{USSR}} || Fighter || I-16 || 1+<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Polikarpov Po-2|Polikarpov Po-2 Mule]] || {{USSR}} || Fighter || U-2a || 20<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 Fagot]] || {{USSR}} || Fighter || MiG-15bis || 48<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 Fresco]] || {{USSR}} || Fighter || MiG-17F || 36<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 Fishbed]] || {{USSR}} || Fighter || MiG-21PFM/MF || 30+12<ref name="sipri1"/><ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Bomber]]''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Polikarpov R-Z]] || {{USSR}} || Light Bomber || R-Z || unknown number<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Military transport aircraft|Transport aircraft]]''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Boeing 727]] || {{USA}} || Narrow-body jet airliner || Boeing 727-200 || unknown number<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tupolev Tu-104|Tupolev Tu-104 Camel]] || {{USSR}} || Transport aircraft || Tu-104 || 2<ref name="sipri1"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tupolev Tu-154|Tupolev Tu-154 Careless]] || {{USSR}} || Transport aircraft || Tu-154B-2 || unknown number<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Ilyushin Il-2|Ilyushin Il-2 Bark]] || {{USSR}} || Transport aircraft || Il-2 || unknown number<ref name="worldairforces"/> || Could be up to 72 |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Ilyushin Il-12|Ilyushin Il-12 Coach]] || {{USSR}} || Transport aircraft || Il-12 || unknown number<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Ilyushin Il-14|Ilyushin Il-14 Crate]] || {{USSR}} || Transport aircraft || Il-14 || 6<ref name="sipri1"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Antonov An-2|Antonov An-2 Colt]] || {{USSR}} || Transport aircraft || An-2 || 30<ref name="worldairforces">[http://www.worldairforces.com/countries/mongolia/mon.html World Air Forces - Historical Listings Mongolia (MON)]. worldairforces.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-27.</ref> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Antonov An-12|Antonov An-12 Cub]] || {{USSR}} || Transport aircraft || An-12 || 15<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Antonov An-14|Antonov An-14 Clod]] || {{USSR}} || Transport aircraft || An-14 || 2<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Antonov An-24|Antonov An-24 Coke]] || {{USSR}} || Transport aircraft || An-24 || 22<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Antonov An-26|Antonov An-26 Curl]] || {{USSR}} || Transport aircraft || An-26 || 4<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Antonov An-32|Antonov An-32 Cline]] || {{USSR}} || Transport aircraft || An-32 || 1<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Harbin Y-12]] || {{CHN}} || utility aircraft || Y-12 || 5<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[PZL-104 Wilga]] || {{USSR}} || utility aircraft || Wilga-2 || 3<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Training aircraft]]''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 Fagot]] || {{USSR}} || Training aircraft || MiG-15UTI || 1<ref name="sipri1"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 Fresco]] || {{USSR}} || Training aircraft || MiG-17PF || 8<ref name="sipri1"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 Fishbed]] || {{USSR}} || Training aircraft || MiG-21US || unknown number<ref name="sipri1"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Yakovlev UT-2|Yakovlev UT-2 Mink]] || {{USSR}} || Training aircraft || UT-2 || 1+<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Yakovlev Yak-6|Yakovlev Yak-6 Frank]] || {{USSR}} || Training aircraft || Yak-6 || unknown number<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Yakovlev Yak-9|Yakovlev Yak-9 Frank]] || {{USSR}} || Training aircraft || Yak-9U || unknown number<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Yakovlev Yak-11|Yakovlev Yak-11 Moose]] || {{USSR}} || Training aircraft || Yak-11 || 10<ref name="sipri1"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Yakovlev Yak-12|Yakovlev Yak-12 Creek]] || {{USSR}} || Training aircraft || Yak-12 || unknown number<ref name="worldairforces"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Yakovlev Yak-18|Yakovlev Yak-18 Max]] || {{USSR}} || Training aircraft || Yak-18 || 10<ref name="sipri1"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Attack helicopter|Attack Helicopter]]''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Mil Mi-24|Mil Mi-24 Hind]] || {{USSR}} || Attack helicopter || Mi-24D/V || 10<ref name="sipri1"/> || Ground support/Anti tank |
|||
|- |
|||
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Helicopter|Transport Helicopter]]''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Mil Mi-1|Mil Mi-1 Hare]] || {{USSR}} || Light helicopter || Mi-1 || 5<ref name="sipri1"/> || Transport |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Mil Mi-2|Mil Mi-2 Hoplite]] || {{USSR}} || Light helicopter || Mi-2 || 1<ref name="sipri1"/> || Transport |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Mil Mi-4|Mil Mi-4 Hound]] || {{USSR}} || Transport helicopter || Mi-4A || 5<ref name="sipri1"/> || Transport |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Mil Mi-8|Mil Mi-8 Hip]] || {{USSR}} || Transport helicopter || Mi-8T/MT || 10<ref name="sipri1"/> || Transport |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Kamov Ka-26|Kamov Ka-26 Hoodlum]] || {{USSR}} || Light utility || Ka-26 || unknown number<ref name="sipri1"/> || Transport |
|||
|- |
|||
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]]''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[S-75 Dvina]] || {{USSR}} || Strategic SAM system || S-75 Dvina || 1<ref name="sipri1"/> || 24 missiles<ref name="sipri1"/> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna]] || {{USSR}} || Strategic SAM system || S-200 || unknown number<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1985/1985%20-%200354.html World Missile Directory], FLIGHT international, 1985</ref> || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[9K31 Strela-1]] || {{USSR}} || Vehicle-mounted SAM system || 9K31 Strela-1 || unknown number || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Strela-2]] || {{USSR}} || Man portable SAM launcher || Strela-2 || 1250<ref name="sipri1"/> || |
|||
|- |
|||
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Anti-aircraft warfare|Air Defence Artillery]]''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[ZPU| ZPU-4]] || {{USSR}} || Anti-aircraft machine gun || ZPU-4 || unknown number || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[ZU-23-2]] || {{USSR}} || Anti-Aircraft Twin Autocannon || ZU-23-2 || unknown number || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[ZSU-23-4|ZSU-23-4 "Shilka"]] || {{USSR}} || Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun || ZSU-23-4 || unknown number || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[57 mm AZP S-60|S-60]] || {{USSR}} || Autocannon || 57 mm S-60 || unknown number || |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)|61-K]] || {{USSR}} || Air defense gun || 37 mm M1939 || unknown number || |
|||
|} |
|||
==See also== |
|||
===Group of Soviet Forces in Mongolia=== |
|||
[[17th Army (Soviet Union)]] |
|||
[[39th Army (Soviet Union)]] |
|||
==References== |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
|||
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}} |
|||
*{{cite journal|last=Walg|first=A.J|title=Wings Over the Steppes: Aerial warfare in Mongolia 1930–1945: Part One|journal=[[Air Enthusiast]]|issue= 66, November/December 1996|issn=0143-5450|pages=pp. 18–23}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Walg|first=A.J|title=Wings Over the Steppes: Aerial warfare in Mongolia 1930–1945: Part Two|journal=[[Air Enthusiast]]|issue= 67, January–February 1997|issn=0143-5450|pages=pp. 25–23}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Walg|first=A.J|title=Wings Over the Steppes: Aerial warfare in Mongolia 1930–1945: Part Three|journal=[[Air Enthusiast]]|issue= 68, March–April 1997|issn=0143-5450|pages=pp. 70–73}} |
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{{Commons category|Монголын Зэвсэгт хүчин}} |
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[[Category:Түүхий]] |
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[[Category:Армиуд]] |
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[[Category:Улсуудын аримуд]] |
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[[Category:Агаарын цэргийн хүч]] |
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[[Category:Монголын Зэвсэгт хүчин]] |
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[[Category:БНМАУ]] |
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[[Category:Монголын цэргийн түүх]] |
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[[Category:1921 онд үүсгэн байгуулсан армиуд]] |
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[[Category:Монгол-Зөвлөлтийн найрамдал]] |
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05:35, 17 Есдүгээр сар 2014-ий байдлаарх засвар
Монголын Ардын Арми буюу Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Цэрэг нь 1921 оны 3 сарын 18 -наас 1990 онуудад БНМАУ-ын Зэвсэгт хүчнийг нэрлэж байсан албан ёсны нэр юм.
Үүсэн байгуулсан нь
One of the first actions of the new Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party authorities was the creation of a native communist army in 1920 under the leadership of adept cavalry commander Damdin Sükhbaatar in order to fight against Russian troops from the White movement and Chinese forces. The MPRP was aided by the Russian SFSR Red Army, which helped to secure the Mongolian People's Republic and remained in its territory until at least 1925.
1930s conflicts
Initially during the native revolts of the early 1930s and the Japanese border probes beginning in the mid-1930s, Soviet Red Army troops in Mongolia amounted to little more than instructors for the native army and as guards for diplomatic and trading installations.
However in the 1939 Battles of Khalkhin Gol (or Nomonhan) heavily armed Red Army forces under Georgy Zhukov assisted by Mongolian troops under Khorloogiin Choibalsan decisively defeated Imperial Japanese Army forces under Michitarō Komatsubara.
Cold war era
During the Pei-ta-shan Incident, elite Qinghai Chinese Muslim cavalry were sent by the Chinese Kuomintang to destroy the Mongols and the Russians in 1947.[1]
The military of Mongolian's purpose was national defense, protection of local communist establishments, and collaboration with Soviet forces in future military actions against exterior enemies, up until the 1990 Democratic Revolution in Mongolia.
Political indoctrination
The central Political Administration Unit was established in the army in 1921 to supervise the work of political commissars (Politruk) and party cells in all army units and to provide a political link with the Central Committee of the MPRP in the army. The unit served to raise morale and to prevent enemy political propaganda. Up to one third of army units were members of the party and others were in the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League.
The Red Mongol Army received sixty percent of the government budget in early years and it to expanded from 2,560 men in 1923 to 4,000 in 1924 and to 7,000 in 1927. The native armed forces stayed linked to Soviet Red Army intelligence groups and NKVD, Mongolian secret police, and Buryat Mongol Comintern agents acted as administrators and represented the real power in the country albeit under direct Soviet guidance.
Training
By 1926 the government planned to train 10,000 conscripts annually and to increase the training period to six months. Chinese intelligence reports in 1927 indicated that between 40,000 and 50,000 reservists could be mustered at short notice. In 1929 a general mobilization was called to test the training and reserve system. The expected turnout was to have been 30,000 troops but only 2,000 men presented. This failure initiated serious reforms in recruiting and training systems.
Strength
In 1921-1927 the land forces, almost exclusively horsemen, numbered about 17,000 mounted troops and boasted more than 200 heavy machine guns, 50 mountain howitzers, 30 field guns, seven armored cars, and a maximum of up to 20 light tanks.
Basic units and motorization
The basic unit was the 2,000-man cavalry regiment consisting of three squadrons. Each 600-plus-man squadron was divided into five companies, a machine gun company, and an engineer unit. Cavalry regiments were organized into larger units--brigades or divisions—which included artillery and service support units. The chief advantage of this force was mobility over the great distances in Mongolia: small units were able to cover more than 160 km in 24 hours.
List of Mongolian Army division and other units
- 1st Cavalry Division
- 2nd Cavalry Division
- 3rd Cavalry Division
- 4th Cavalry Division
- 5th Cavalry Division
- 6th Cavalry Division
- 7th Cavalry Division
- 8th Cavalry Division
- 9th Cavalry Division
- 10th Cavalry Division
- 7th Motorized Armored Brigade
- 3rd Separate Tank Regiment
- 3rd Artillery Regiment
- Aviation Mixed Division
- Chemical defence-engineering regiment
Army rank and insignia
- Enlisted
Private (PVT) Private first class (PFC) Corporal (CPL) Sergeant (SGT) Staff Sergeant (SSG) Sergeant first class (SFC) Master Sergeant (MSG) First Sergeant (1SG) Sergeant Major (SM) Command Sergeant Major (CSM) Sergeant Major of the army (SMA)
- Officer
2nd Lieutenant (2LT) 1st Lieutenant (1LT) Captain (CPT) Major (MAJ) Lieutenant Colonel (LTC) Colonel (COL) Major General (MAJ GEN) Lieutenant General (LT GEN) General (GEN) Marshal of Mongolia (MAR)
Uniform
Because it was established on a Soviet military system, the Mongolian People's Army used similar uniforms with the Red Army, only with Mongolian distinctions. Until 1924, People's Army personnel wore traditional deel, which had their respective shoulder insignias. In the mid-1930s, the army adopted Soviet Gymnasterka and developed its true rank and distinction system. All personnel were distinct by their sleeve and collar insignias from the general population when the gymnastyorka was rather popular. After the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, slight modifications were made. In 1944 all uniforms and insignia were significantly changed to include shoulder insignia and camouflage cloaks, similar to Soviet uniform modifications.
From the 1960s, the equipment and uniforms of the Mongolian People's Army were included a program to modernize the military. As before, the Mongolian People's Army (a Warsaw pact ally) was similar to the Soviet Red Army in appearance and structure.
Military actions
Units of Mongolian People's Army supported and allied with a Soviet Red Army in the Battle of Khalkhyn Gol in 1939 and on the western flank of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945. Domestically, it took part in the suppression of the 1932 armed uprising. Also involved to many border conflict against Manchukuo with a Kwantung Army (one of large part of the Imperial Japanese Army) and Chinese National Revolutionary Army.Imperial Japanese Army recorded 152 minor incidents on the border of Manchuria between 1932 and 1934. The number of incidents increased to over 150 per year in 1935 and 1936, and the scale of incidents became larger.
In January 1935, the first armed battle, Halhamiao incident (哈爾哈廟事件 Haruhabyō jiken) occurred on border between Mongolia and Manchukuo.[2] Scores of Mongolia cavalry units engaged with Manchuko army patrol unit near the Buddhist temple Halhamiao. Manchuko Army incurred slight casualties, including a Japanese military advisor.
Between December 1935 and March 1936, the Orahodoga incident (オラホドガ事件 Orahodoga jiken)(ja) and the Tauran incident (タウラン事件 Tauran jiken) (ja) occurred. In these battles, both Japanese Army and Mongolian Army used a small number of armoured fighting vehicles and military aircraft.
Stalinist repressions against Mongolian People's Army
Light equipment
Artillery and mortars
37 mm anti-tank gun M1930 (1-K)
45 mm anti-tank gun M1937 (53-K)
Multiple Rocket Launchers
BM-13 - 150
Anti-aircraft Weapon
Although little attention was paid to anti-aircraft weaponry in the Mongolian People's Army, a few dozen units of Soviet origin were known to be distributed to light armored outfits.
Vehicles
Armored corps
Under Soviet support campaign for mechanization, the army formed its first mechanized unit in 1922. Also it was by structure in the ground force half-mechanization cavalry in the other units distributed to light armored vehicles until 1943. It began to process to motorised since 1943. This is a list of Mongolian People's Army tanks and armour during the 1922s-World War II period.
Armoured cars
- Russian Austin Putilov (two examples)
- Soviet FAI
- Soviet BA-6
- Soviet BA-10
- Soviet BA-64
Light Tanks
Medium Tanks
Sps Tank destroyers
- Soviet SU-100
Mongolian People's Army Aviation in 1925–1945
The Mongolian People's Army Aviation drastically improved with Soviet training and vastly ameliorated within a time span of several years. In May 1925, a Junkers F.13 entered service as the first aircraft in Mongolian civil and military-related aviation. In March 1931, the Soviet Union donated three Polikarpov R-1s to the Mongolian People's Army, with Mongolia further purchasing three R-1s.[3] In 1932, an uprising broke out against Collectivization, which saw both Soviet and Mongolian-operated R-1s taking part in actions against the rebellion. The aircraft carried out reconnaissance, leaflet dropping, and bombing missions[4] Chinese intelligence reports that in 1945 the Mongolian People's Air Force had been with a three-fighter and three-bomber aviation-regiment, and one flight training school and greater air squadrons. It was reported that headquartered in the Mukden Manchukuo spy-section in October 1944 air force whole units had been 180 aircraft and 1231 flight and technical personnel. The Mongolian People's Army Aviation demonstrated its full potential during the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, which was its largest engagement. Apart from intercepting intruding aircraft, People's Aviation was used heavily to repress domestic rebel movements.
The Mongolian People's Air Force has operated a variety of aircraft types.
Trainer
Bomber and ground-attack aircraft
- Polikarpov R-1-Unknown number
- Polikarpov R-5-40
- Ilyushin Il-2-70
Fighter aircraft
- Polikarpov I-15- 50
- Polikarpov I-15bis- Unknown number
- Polikarpov I-16- 1
- Yak-7- Unknown number
- Yak-9- 34
Transport aircraft
- Lisunov Li-2
- Gan-3 (Stal-3. this airplanes frame is made with stainless steel. Stal' means steel in Russian but Gan is a Mongolian word)
- Kalinin K-5
- Yakovlev Yak-6
- Junkers F-13
- Junkers W 33
- Nakajima Ki-34-12
- Yakovlev AIR-6
Mongolian People's Army capability ( 1950-1990 )
Mongolian People's Army Air Force ( 1950-1990 )
See also
Group of Soviet Forces in Mongolia
References
- ↑ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 214. ISBN 0-521-25514-7. Retrieved 28 Зургаадугаар сар 2010.
- ↑ Charles Otterstedt, Kwantung Army and the Nomonhan Incident: Its Impact on National security
- ↑ Walg Air Enthusiast November/December 1996, pp. 18–19.
- ↑ Walg Air Enthusiast November/December 1996, pp. 19–20.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 SIPRI
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 World Air Forces - Historical Listings Mongolia (MON). worldairforces.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-27.
- ↑ World Missile Directory, FLIGHT international, 1985
- Walg, A.J. "Wings Over the Steppes: Aerial warfare in Mongolia 1930–1945: Part One". Air Enthusiast (66, November/December 1996): pp. 18–23. ISSN 0143-5450.
{{cite journal}}:|pages=has extra text (help) - Walg, A.J. "Wings Over the Steppes: Aerial warfare in Mongolia 1930–1945: Part Two". Air Enthusiast (67, January–February 1997): pp. 25–23. ISSN 0143-5450.
{{cite journal}}:|pages=has extra text (help) - Walg, A.J. "Wings Over the Steppes: Aerial warfare in Mongolia 1930–1945: Part Three". Air Enthusiast (68, March–April 1997): pp. 70–73. ISSN 0143-5450.
{{cite journal}}:|pages=has extra text (help)
Commons: Монголын Зэвсэгт хүчин – Викимедиа зураг, бичлэг, дууны сан