Өнгөт хувьсгал
Өнгөт хувьсгал (англи. Colour revolution, заримдаа coloured revolution, орос. цветная революция) - 2000-аад оны эхээр Зүүн Европ, хуучин ЗХУ-ын бүрэлдэхүүнд байсан зарим улс орнуудад сонгуулийн бус аргаар төрийн эрх мэдлийг авахыг "өнгөт хувьсгал" гэж нэрлэж хэвшсэн юм. 2003 оны 11-р сард Гүржид “сарнайн”, 2005 оны 1-р сард Украинд “жүржийн”, 2005 оны 4-р сард Киргизэд “алтан зул цэцгийн” хувьсгал гэж тус тус нэрлэсэн юм. 2005 оны 5-р сард Узбекистан, 2005 оны 11-р сард Азербайжан, 2022 оны 1-р сард Казахстанд болсон үйл явдалд нэр өгөөгүй боловч бас л өнгөт хувьсгалын ангилалд оруулж болох юм.
1974 онд эхэлсэн “ардчиллын гурав дахь давлагаа”-ны үндсэн шинж нь “Бусад улс оронд хүний эрх, ардчиллыг хөгжүүлэх АНУ-ын бодлогын өөрчлөлт” байсан хэмээн Самуель Хантингтон томьёолжээ. Ардчиллын эхний 2 давлагааны үеэр АНУ зэрэг томоохон орнууд бусад улс орнуудад ардчилал, хүний эрхийг хөгжүүлэхийг төдийлөн чухалчлаагүй байна. Харин 1970-аад оноос хойш тэд энэ зорилтыг тавьж бусад улс орнуудад ардчилал, хүний эрхийг дэмжин хөгжүүлэхэд чиглэсэн олон ТББ-уудыг санхүүжүүлж, тэд нараар дамжуулан гадаад бодлогын зорилгоо хэрэгжүүлж иржээ. Уг байгууллагууд нь хуучин социалист гэгдэж байсан улс орнуудад дэглэм өөрчлөгдөхөд дотоодын хувьсгалч нарт идэвхтэй дэмжлэг туслалцаа үзүүлж байсан бөгөөд 1990 оны сүүлчээр National Endowment for Democracy, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, International Republican Institute, International Foundation for Electoral Systems, International Research and Exchange Board, Freedom House зэрэг байгууллагууд нь хуучин ЗХУ-ын хэсэг байсан улс орнуудад дахин идэвхтэй үйл ажиллагаа явуулж эхэлсэн юм. Тэдгээр байгууллагын санхүүжилтийн багагүй хэсгийг АНУ-ын төрөөс гаргадаг бөгөөд тухайлбал Ардчиллыг дэмжих үндэсний сангийн (National Endowment for Democracy) санхүүжилтийн 97 хүртэл хувийг АНУ-ын Төрийн департаментаас гаргаж байсан ажээ. Freedom house байгууллагыг АНУ-ын Олон улсын хөгжлийн агентлаг, АНУ-ын Мэдээллийн агентлаг (татан буугдсан) зэрэг төрийн байгууллагууд санхүүжүүлж иржээ.
2003 оноос хойш болсон өнгөт хувьсгалуудыг удирдан зохион байгуулсан, манлайлсан иргэд, хөдөлгөөнүүдийг эдгээр байгууллагууд ихээхэн идэвхтэй дэмжиж байсан юм.
Чингэхдээ “хувьсгал” гэдэг үгний нийтээр хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн тодорхойлолт нь хувьсгалын үр дүнд тухайн улсын бүх элит солигдож шинэ элит төрийн эрхэнд гарах явдал байдаг бол өнгөт хэмээгдэж буй хувьсгалын үр дүнд АНУ-ыг үг дуугүй дэмжин дагасан нэг хэсгээр өмнөх элит нь солигдож байгаа явдал гэж зарим судлаачид үздэг байна. Энэхүү хувьсгалын үед “хувьсгалчдыг” АНУ албан ёсоор дэмжиж мэдэгдэл уриалга гаргахын зэрэгцээ техник, санхүүгийн туслалцаа үзүүлсэн улс оронд (Гүрж, Украйн, Киргиз) өнгөт хувьсгал ялж байсан бол АНУ-ын зүгээс дэмжээгүй хувьсгал (Азербайжан, Узбекистан) нь тэгсхийгээд зогссон гэж зарим эх сурвалжууд дүгнэжээ.
Нэг ёсондоо эдгээр хувьсгал нь өөрийн дотооддоо бүрэлдсэн хүнд нөхцөл байдал дээр гадны нөлөө дэмжлэг орж болсон гэж дүгнэх боломжтой юм.
Америкийн улс төр судлаач Жин Шарп (Gene Sharp: 1928 –2018)-ын бичсэн “Дарангуйллаас (Диктатур) ардчилал руу: Эрх чөлөөтэй болох үзэл баримтлалын ерөнхий агуулга” (From Dictatorship to Democracy: A conceptual framework for liberation) номыг өнгөт хувьсгалын “гарын авлага” гэж үздэг ажээ. Дарангуйлагчийн хүчийг яаж бодитоор үнэлж, үүний үндсэн дээр өөрийн үйл ажиллагаа, зорилтыг яаж төлөвлөх, эрх баригчидтай яриа хэлэлцээ яаж болон хэзээ хийх, хэзээ хийхгүй байх, эрх баригчдын хүчийг хэрхэн саармагжуулж, эрх баригчдыг үзэн ядах үзэл санааг хэрхэн хаана яаж дэлгэрүүлэх, эрх баригчдын сул талыг яаж тодорхойлох, тэмцлийг ямар аргаар яаж хийх гээд энэ ном нь үндсэндээ “хувьсгалчдад” үзэл баримтлалын бөгөөд үйл ажиллагааны бүх заваарчилгааг өгсөн байдаг ажээ.
Өнгөт хувьсгалуудын жагсаалт[засварлах | кодоор засварлах]
 | Энэ өгүүлэл эсвэл өгүүллийн хэсгийг монгол хэл рүү орчуулах хэрэгтэй байна. Хэрэв үүнийг нэг сарын дотор орчуулахгүй бол арилгагдах тухай хэлэлцэгдэх болно. |
| Хувьсгалууд | Улс орон | Эхэлсэн огноо | Дуссан огноо | Description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шар хувьсгал | Филлипин | 1986.02.22 | 1986.02.25 | The 1986 People Power Revolution (also called the "EDSA" or the "Yellow Revolution") in the Philippines was the first successful non-violent uprising in the contemporary period. It was the culmination of peaceful demonstrations against the rule of then-President Ferdinand Marcos—all of which increased after the 1983 assassination of opposition Senator Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. A contested snap election on 7 February 1986 and a call by the powerful Filipino Catholic Church sparked mass protests across Metro Manila from 22 to 25 February. The Revolution's iconic L-shaped Laban sign comes from the Filipino term for People Power, "Lakás ng Bayan", whose abbreviation is LABAN, which means 'to fight'. The yellow-clad protesters, later joined by the Armed Forces, ousted Marcos and installed Aquino's widow Corazón as the country's eleventh President, ushering in the present Fifth Republic.
The revolution acquired its name due to the use of yellow ribbons to symbolize the protests (in reference to the Tony Orlando and Dawn song "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"). | |
| Коконат хувьсгал | Пупуа Шинэ Гвиней | 1988.12.01 | 1988.04.20 | Бугенвилл дэх удаан хугацааны салан тусгаарлах үзэл нь эцэстээ Папуа Шинэ Гвинейтэй зөрчилдөхөд хүргэв. Bougainville арлын оршин суугчид Bougainville хувьсгалт арми байгуулж, засгийн газрын цэргүүдийн эсрэг тулалдаж байв. 1998 оны 4-р сарын 20-нд Папуа Шинэ Гвиней иргэний дайныг дуусгав. 2005 онд Папуа Шинэ Гвиней Бугенвиллд автономит эрх олгосон. 2019 онд Бугенвиллийн иргэд Папуа Шинэ Гвинейгээс тусгаар тогтнохын төлөө саналаа өгсөн. | |
| Нарийн хилэн хувьсгал (Чехословак) | Чехословак | 1989.11.17 | 1989.12.29 | 1989 онд оюутнуудын (ихэвчлэн Чарльзын их сургуулийн) тайван жагсаал цагдаа нарын халдлагад өртөж, улмаар Чехословак дахь коммунист засгийн газар нуран унахад нөлөөлсөн. | |
| Bulldozer Revolution | Югослав | 2000.10.05 | Энэхүү хувьсгал нь Слободан Милошевичийг түлхэн унагахад хүргэв. Эдгээр жагсаалыг ихэвчлэн дараа нь болсон тайван хувьсгалын анхны жишээ гэж үздэг. Гэсэн хэдий ч Сербүүд хөрш Болгар (1997), Словак (1998), Хорват (2000) зэрэг улсын парламентын сонгуульд өмнө хэрэглэгдэж байсан арга барилыг баримталж, санал хураах кампанит ажил, улс төрийн байгууллагуудыг нэгтгэх замаар иргэний хөдөлгөөнийг идэвхжүүлдэг. Улс даяар жагсагчид ямар ч өнгө, тодорхой тэмдэг тэмдэглээгүй; Гэсэн хэдий ч "Готов же" (Серб кирилл: Готов је, lit. 'Тэр дууслаа') уриа нь даалгаврыг биелүүлсний дараах бэлэг тэмдэг болсон юм. Жагсаал цуглааныг залуучуудын Отпор! хөдөлгөөн дэмжсэн бөгөөд зарим гишүүд нь хожмын бусад улс оронд болсон хувьсгалуудад оролцож байжээ. | ||
| Сарнайн хувьсгал | Гүрж | 2003.11.03 | 2003.11.23 | Гүржид 2003 оны маргаантай сонгуулийн дараа гарсан Сарнайн хувьсгал 2004 оны 3-р сард шинэ сонгууль явагдсаны дараа Эдуард Шеварднадзег түлхэн унагаж, түүнийг Михаил Саакашвилигаар сольсон. Кмара иргэний эсэргүүцлийн хөдөлгөөн Сарнайн хувьсгалыг дэмжсэн. | |
| Хоёр дахь Сарнайн хувьсгал | Ажари (Гүрж) | 20 February 2004 | May–July 2004 | Following the Rose Revolution in Georgia, the Adjara crisis (sometimes called "Second Rose Revolution" or "Mini-Rose Revolution") led to the exit of Chairman of the Government Aslan Abashidze from office. | |
| Жүржийн хувьсгал | Украин | 22 November 2004 | 23 January 2005 | The Orange Revolution in Ukraine followed the disputed second round of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, leading to the annulment of the result and the repeat of the round—Leader of the Opposition Viktor Yushchenko was declared President, defeating Viktor Yanukovych. PORA supported the Orange Revolution. | |
| Ягаан өнгийн хувьсгал
(Purple Revolution) |
Ирак | 2005 оны 1-р сар | "Purple Revolution" was a name to describe the coming of democracy to Iraq following the 2005 Iraqi legislative election. It was first used by some hopeful commentators and later picked up by United States President George W. Bush, intentionally drawing the parallel with the Orange and Rose revolutions. The name "purple revolution" has not, however, achieved widespread use in Iraq, the United States, or elsewhere.
The name comes from the colour that voters' index fingers were stained to prevent fraudulent multiple voting. The term first appeared shortly after the January 2005 election in various weblogs and editorials of individuals supporting the U.S. invasion of Iraq. The term received its widest usage during a visit by President Bush on 24 February 2005 to Bratislava, Slovak Republic, for a summit with Russian President Vladimir Putin. Bush stated: "In recent times, we have witnessed landmark events in the history of liberty: A Rose Revolution in Georgia, an Orange Revolution in Ukraine, and now, a Purple Revolution in Iraq." | ||
| Алтан зул цэцгийн хувьсгал | Киргиз | 2005.02.27 | 2005.04.11 | The Tulip Revolution (sometimes called the "Pink Revolution") in Kyrgyzstan was more violent than its predecessors and followed the disputed 2005 Kyrgyz parliamentary election. At the same time, it was more fragmented than previous "colour revolutions". The protesters in different areas adopted the colours pink and yellow for their protests. This revolution was supported by the youth resistance movement KelKel. | |
| Хуш модны хувьсгал
(Cedar Revolution) |
Ливан | 14 February 2005 | 27 April 2005 | The Cedar Revolution in Lebanon between February and April 2005 followed not a disputed election, but rather the assassination of opposition leader Rafic Hariri in 2005. Also, instead of the annulment of an election, the people demanded an end to the Syrian occupation of Lebanon. Nonetheless, some of its elements and some of the methods used in the protests have been similar enough that it is often considered and treated by the press and commentators as one of the series of "colour revolutions."
The revolution was named after the Cedar of Lebanon, which is the symbol of the country. Likewise, the demonstrators used the colours white and red, which are found in the Lebanese flag. The protests led to the pullout of Syrian troops in April 2005, ending their nearly 30-year presence there, although Syria retains some influence in Lebanon. | |
| Blue Revolution | Кувейт | March 2005 | "Blue Revolution" was a term used by some Kuwaitis to refer to demonstrations in Kuwait in support of women's suffrage beginning in March 2005; it was named after the colour of the signs that the protesters used. In May of that year, the Kuwaiti government acceded to their demands, granting women the right to vote beginning in the 2006 parliamentary elections. Since there was no call for regime change, the so-called "blue revolution" cannot be categorized as a true colour revolution. | ||
| Jeans Revolution (or Denim Revolution) | Беларусь | 19 March 2006 | 25 March 2006 | In Belarus, there have been a number of protests against President Alexander Lukashenko, with participation from student group Zubr. One round of protests culminated on 25 March 2005; it was a self-declared attempt to emulate the Kyrgyzstan revolution and involved over a thousand citizens. However, police severely suppressed it, arresting over 30 people and imprisoning opposition leader Mikhail Marinich.
A second, much larger round of protests began almost a year later, on 19 March 2006, soon after the presidential election. Official results had Lukashenko winning with 83% of the vote; protesters claimed the results were achieved through fraud and voter intimidation, a charge echoed by many foreign governments.[citation needed] Protesters camped out in October Square in Minsk over the next week, calling variously for the resignation of Lukashenko, the installation of rival candidate Alaksandar Milinkievič, and new, fair elections. The opposition originally used as a symbol the white-red-white former flag of Belarus; the movement has had significant connections with that in neighbouring Ukraine. During the Orange Revolution, some white-red-white flags were seen being waved in Kyiv. During the 2006 protests, some called it the "Jeans Revolution" or "Denim Revolution," blue jeans being considered a symbol for freedom. Some protesters cut up jeans into ribbons and hung them in public places. It is claimed that Zubr was responsible for coining the phrase. Lukashenko has said in the past: "In our country, there will be no pink or orange, or even banana revolution." More recently, he's said, "They [the West] think that Belarus is ready for some 'orange' or, what is a rather frightening option, 'blue' or 'cornflower blue' revolution. Such 'blue' revolutions are the last thing we need". On 19 April 2005, he further commented: "All these coloured revolutions are pure and simple banditry." | |
| Saffron Revolution | Мьянмар | 15 August 2007 | 26 September 2007 | In Myanmar (unofficially called Burma), a series of anti-government protests were referred to in the press as the Saffron Revolution after Buddhist monks (Theravada Buddhist monks usually wear the colour saffron) took the vanguard of the protests. A previous, student-led revolution, the 8888 Uprising on 8 August 1988, had similarities to the colour revolutions but was violently repressed. | |
| Yellow Rally | Малайз | 10 November 2007 | 19 November 2016 | A series of demonstrations in Kuala Lumpur. The rally, organised by the Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections (Bersih), was supported by Pakatan Rakyat, the coalition of the three largest opposition parties in Malaysia, but was deemed illegal by the government. Bersih, chaired by former president of the Bar Council Ambiga Sreenevasan, were pushing the Election Commission of Malaysia (EC) to ensure free and fair elections in Malaysia. It demanded that the EC clean up the electoral roll, reform postal voting, use indelible ink, introduce a minimum 21-day campaign period, allow all parties free access to the media, and put an end to electoral fraud. | |
| Grape Revolution | Молдав | 6 April 2009 | 12 April 2009 | The opposition is reported to have hoped for and urged some kind of Orange revolution, similar to that in Ukraine, in the follow-up of the 2005 Moldovan parliamentary elections, while the Christian Democratic People's Party adopted orange for its colour in a clear reference to the events of Ukraine.
A name hypothesized for such an event was the "Grape Revolution" because of the abundance of vineyards in the country; however, such a revolution failed to materialize after the governmental victory in the elections. Many reasons have been given for this, including a fractured opposition and the fact that the government had already co-opted many of the political positions that might have united the opposition (such as a perceived pro-European and anti-Russian stance). Also, the elections themselves were declared fairer in the OSCE election monitoring reports than had been the case in other countries where similar revolutions occurred, even though the CIS monitoring mission strongly condemned them. There was civil unrest all over Moldova following the 2009 Parliamentary election, owing to the opposition's assertion that the communists had fixed the election. Eventually, the Alliance for European Integration created a governing coalition that pushed the Communist party into opposition. | |
| Green Movement | Иран | 13 June 2009 | 11 February 2010 | "Green Movement" is a term widely used to describe the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests. The protests began in 2009, several years after the main wave of colour revolutions, although like them, it began because of a disputed election, the 2009 Iranian presidential election. Protesters adopted the colour green as their symbol because it had been the campaign colour of presidential candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi, whom many protesters thought had won the elections. | |
| Melon Revolution | Киргиз | 6 April 2010 | 14 December 2010 | The "Melon Revolution" in Kyrgyzstan refers to the Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010, which led to the exit of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev from office. | |
| Jasmine Revolution | Тунис | 18 December 2010 | 14 January 2011 | "Jasmine Revolution" was a widely used term for the Tunisian Revolution, taking its name from the national flower. The revolution led to the exit of President Ben Ali from office and the beginning of the Arab Spring. | |
| Lotus Revolution (or Nile Revolution) | Египет | 25 January 2011 | 11 February 2011 | "Lotus Revolution" was a term used by various western news sources to describe the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 that forced President Hosni Mubarak to step down in 2011 as part of the Arab Spring, which followed the Jasmine Revolution of Tunisia. The lotus plant is known to represent resurrection, life, and the sun of ancient Egypt.
It is uncertain who gave the name, though Asharq Alawsat columnist and prominent Egyptian opposition leader Saad Eddin Ibrahim claimed to have come up with the name. "Lotus Revolution" later became common on western news sources such as CNN. Other names, such as White Revolution and Nile Revolution, are used but are minor terms compared to Lotus Revolution. The term Lotus Revolution is rarely if ever, used in the Arab world.[citation needed] | |
| Pearl Revolution | Бахрейн | 14 February 2011 | 22 November 2014 | In February 2011, Bahrain was also affected by the protests in Tunisia and Egypt. Bahrain has long been famous for its pearls and Bahrain's speciality. Moreover, there was Pearl Square in Manama, where the demonstrations began. The people of Bahrain were also protesting around the Square. At first, the government of Bahrain promised reform to the people. However, when their promises were not followed, the people resisted again. And in the process, bloodshed took place (18 March 2011). After that, a small demonstration took place in Bahrain.[citation needed] | |
| Yemeni Revolution | Йемен | 27 January 2011 | 23 November 2011 | Йеменд 2011 онд засгийн газрын эсрэг жагсаал эхэлж, Йемений ард түмэн удирдагч Али Абдулла Салехыг огцруулахыг хүссэн юм. 11-р сарын 24-нд Али Абдулла Салех дэглэмийг шилжүүлэх шийдвэр гаргасан. 2012 онд Али Абдулла Салех эцэст нь АНУ руу зугтсан (2-р сарын 27).[citation needed] | |
| Chinese Jasmine Revolution | Хятад | 20 February 2011 | 20 March 2011 | "Jasmine Revolution" was first used on 17 February 2011 by the Chinese-language site Boxun.com (and repeated via social networking sites) in the United States to describe the 2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests in the People's Republic of China.
Boxun's calls resulted in the Chinese government blocking internet searches for "jasmine" and a deploying a heavy police presence at designated sites for protest such as the McDonald's in central Beijing (one of the 13 designated protest sites), on 20 February 2011. A crowd gathered there, but their motivations were ambiguous as a crowd tended to draw a larger crowd in that area. Boxun experienced a denial of service attack during this period and was inaccessible. | |
| Цасан хувьсгал (Snow Revolution) | ОХУ | 4 December 2011 | 18 July 2013 | 2011 оны арванхоёрдугаар сарын 4-нд ОХУ-ын нийслэл Москва хотод сонгуулийн үр дүнг эсэргүүцэн эсэргүүцлийн жагсаал өрнөж, 500 гаруй хүнийг баривчилжээ. Арванхоёрдугаар сарын 10-нд улс орны олон арван хотод эсэргүүцлийн жагсаал болсон. "Цасны хувьсгал" нь хувьсгал эхэлсэн арванхоёрдугаар сараас, жагсагчдын зүүсэн цагаан туузаас гаралтай ажээ. | |
| Colourful Revolution | Македон | 12 April 2016 | 20 July 2016 | Many analysts and participants of the protests against President of Macedonia Gjorge Ivanov and the Macedonian government refer to the demonstrations as a "Colourful Revolution," owing to the demonstrators' throwing of paintballs of different colours at government buildings in Skopje, the capital. | |
| Нарийн хилэн хувьсгал (Velvet Revolution) | Армени | 31 March 2018 | 8 May 2018 | In 2018, a peaceful revolution was led by a member of parliament, Nikol Pashinyan in opposition to the nomination of Serzh Sargsyan as Prime Minister of Armenia, who had previously served as both President of Armenia and prime minister, eliminating term limits that would have otherwise prevented his 2018 nomination. Concerned that Sargsyan's third consecutive term as the most powerful politician in the government of Armenia gave him too much political influence, protests occurred throughout the country, particularly in Yerevan. However, demonstrations in solidarity with the protesters also occurred in other countries where the Armenian diaspora live. During the protests, Pashinyan was arrested and detained on 22 April, but he was released the following day. Sargsyan stepped down from the position of Prime Minister, and his Republican Party decided not to put forward a candidate. An interim Prime Minister was selected from Sargsyan's party until elections were held, and protests continued for over one month. Crowd sizes in Yerevan consisted of 115,000 to 250,000 people throughout the revolution, and hundreds of protesters were arrested. Pashinyan referred to the event as a Velvet Revolution. A vote was held in parliament, and Pashinyan became the Prime Minister of Armenia. | |
| Yellow vests Revolution | Франц | 17 November 2018 | present | No one knows how the high-visibility yellow vest came to be chosen as the symbol and uniform for the movement, and no one has claimed to be its originator. The movement originated with French motorists from rural areas who had long commutes protesting against an increase in fuel taxes, wearing the yellow vests that, under a 2008 French law, all motorists are required to keep in their vehicles and to wear in case of emergency. The symbol has become "a unifying thread and call to arms" because yellow vests are common and inexpensive, easy to wear over any clothing, associated with working class industries, highly visible, and widely understood as a distress signal. As the movement grew to include grievances beyond fuel taxes, non-motorists in France put on yellow vests and joined the demonstrations, as did protesters in other countries with diverse (and sometimes conflicting) grievances of their own. In the words of one commentator, "The uniform of this revolution is as accessible as the frustration and fury." | |
| 10-р сарын хувьсгал (October Revolution) | Ливан | 17 October 2019 | present | The "17 October Revolution" refers to a series of civil protests in Lebanon. The revolution was triggered by planned taxes on gasoline, tobacco, and VoIP calls on applications such as WhatsApp, but quickly expanded into a country-wide condemnation of sectarian rule, stagnant economy, unemployment that reached 46% in 2018, endemic corruption in the public sector, legislation that was perceived to shield the ruling class from accountability (such as banking secrecy), and failures of the government to provide basic services such as electricity, water, and sanitation. | |
| Pitita Revolution | Боливи | 21 October
2019 |
11 November 2019 | After the 2019 elections, where incumbent President Evo Morales was re-elected, protests erupted across the country claiming fraud. A report from the Organization of American States also reported fraud, but was later contradicted by researchers at MIT. After the presentation of the final report of the OAS, which ratified the fraud, the requests for resignation from many social sectors, and the suggestion of resignation by workers' unions, the police, and the military, Morales and many of his supporters resigned, and an interim government took over. However, later Morales would state on his memoirs that he took the decision of resigning before the final report of the OAS and before the suggestions of many groups. Some, including the Áñez interim government, called these events the "Pitita Revolution." It has been called a colour revolution by some analysts, especially Morales' supporters. | |
| Углаашны хувьсгал (Slipper Revolution) | Беларусь | 2020.05.24 | 2021.03.25 | 2020 оны Беларусийн ерөнхийлөгчийн сонгуулиар Александр Лукашенко улиран сонгогдсон. Түүнийг луйвар хийж ялалт байгуулсан хэмээн эсэргүүцлийн жагсаал өрнөж эхэлжээ. Сөрөг хүчний гол нэр дэвшигч Светлана Цихануская өөрийгөө ялсан гэж зарлаж, олонхийн саналаар яллаа гэж мэдэгдэв. Дараа нь тэрээр Европын парламентаас хууль ёсны түр засгийн газар хэмээн хүлээн зөвшөөрөгдсөн "Зохицуулах зөвлөл"-ийг байгуулсан. 2020 оны 12-р сарын байдлаар хувьсгал үндсэндээ бүтэлгүйтэж зогссон. Лукашенко Украины "Евромайдан" давтагдахаас сэргийлж чадсан гэж зарим хэвлэл мэдээллийн хэрэгслээр мэдээлж байсан. | |
| Талын хувьсгал
(Steppe Revolution) |
Казахстан | 2022.01.02 | 2022.01.11 | 2022 оны 1-р сарын 2-нд Казахстанд болсон эсэргүүцлийн жагсаал шингэрүүлсэн хийн үнэ гэнэт өссөнөөр эхэлсэн. Энэ үйл явдал тусгаар тогтносон Казахстаны 30 жилийн түүхэн дэх хамгийн ширүүн мөргөлдөөн болсон юм.
Жанаозен хотод эхэлсэн жагсаал Казахстаны бусад хотуудад түгэн тархсан байна. Алматы, Актобе, Актау, Атырау, Караганда, Астана, Шымкент, Кокшетау, Орал болон бусад хотуудын иргэд гудамжинд гарч, эдийн засгийн шаардлагаас гадна улс төрийн өөрчлөлтийг шаардаж байв. Эхэндээ жагсаал тайван хэлбэртэй явагдаж байгаад дараа нь зэвсэгт мөргөлдөөн, дээрэм тонуул (голчлон Алматы хотод) болсон. Нэгдүгээр сарын 5-нд эхэлсэн үймээнийг төрийн эргэлт гэж албан ёсоор нэрлэсэн байна. 1-р сарын 10-нд Казахстаны Үндэсний аюулгүй байдлын хороо үймээний үеэр алдсан бүх захиргааны объектуудыг буцаан авч, улс орны байдал тогтворжсон гэж мэдэгдэв. Нэгдүгээр сарын 11-ний байдлаар үймээн самуунтай холбогдуулан 10 мянга орчим хүнийг баривчилсан байна. Жагсаал цуглааны үер болсон тонуул, хулгайн гэмт хэргийн улмаас бизнес эрхлэгчдэд учирсан хохирол 100 тэрбум тенге давжээ. | |